In part I, Gondola attempts to trace the flexible continuity of constructions of masculinity and manhood from "local sources, fragments, and experiences" pertaining to big men in Malebo Pool, where the village of Nshasa (Kinshasa) once stood (17).
A significant contribution to "critical men's studies," or "gendered writing on men in Africa." Tropical Cowboys: Westerns, Violence, and Masculinity in Kinshasa focuses on "youth, masculinity, and performative violence" in Kinshasa from roughly the late 19th century until the present using a variety of archival, oral, and pop culture sources, all while charismatically spanning the fields of gender studies, film studies, and history (2). Didier Gondola argues, part of the "ebb and flow" continuum of derelict "interstitial" youth who were able to transform Kinshasa through their unique language ( Indoubill), performative culture, and rebellious ethos (3–4).
"Tropical cowboys," or "Bills," the male and sometimes female Kinois youth who have been inspired by the American Far West cowboy Buffalo Bill Cody, have prowled the streets of Kinshasa since the 1940s at least and continue to prowl them today.
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